We use consumer theory to derive demand curves, showing how a change in price causes a shift along a demand curve. This hypothesis is the backward bending supply curve of labor. As the rate of wage (W) or the price of leisure (PL) rises, the individuals demand for leisure falls and the supply of labour rises. C) increase labour. rev2023.3.1.43268. body,button,input,select,textarea { font-weight:400;} #mainnav ul.sub-menu { background-color:#ffffff;} UBRARV OF CONGRESS 00017464205 jptnpp V^u - J biij J ^ (ITXITED ^TAT S OF AMERICA. 6.92, the preference-indifference pattern of the individual between income and leisure is given by the indifference curves between income and leisure. h6 { font-size:14px; } These Are widely consumed by low income group individuals. If the rate of wage or PL is OL1/OK, then the consumer would be able to earn OL1 amount of income when he enjoys no leisure. C) leisure is an inferior good. Set. At relatively lower rates of wage, as W rises, supply of labour will risethe curve will be positively sloped. Finally, few comments on the contradiction I mentioned before: Suppose we have good X which is normal and its price increases. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. is always positively sloped. Expert solutions for 31. In our case, as W increases, L diminishes. We may conclude that the shape of the supply curve of labour of an individual worker can be explained with the help of the concept of elasticity of demand for income in terms of effort. In our example, as W or the price of leisure has increased, demand for leisure has diminished, and therefore, the supply of labour has increased. h1 { font-size:50px; } div#n2-ss-2 .nextend-thumbnail-horizontal .nextend-thumbnail-previous, div#n2-ss-2 .nextend-thumbnail-horizontal .nextend-thumbnail-next, div#n2-ss-3 .nextend-thumbnail-horizontal .nextend-thumbnail-next, div#n2-ss-3 .nextend-thumbnail-horizontal .nextend-thumbnail-previous{display: none}. As we have already obtained, these ICs possess the usual properties of the indifference curves. 6.85, OM on the horizontal axis measures 24 hours. In this handout we will focus on applications of the consumer choice problem we discussed in previous handouts. The second-order condition is also satisfied, since. Download the App! #header #logo{} B) tax rates were low already. analysis of the problem. Trying to show result of prisoners dilemma simulation through supply/demand graph, Labour Market: simple macroeconomic modeling. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. In economics in incomes, inferior good example of demand when income in an inferior good leads to price . Also, the price of income (Y) is PY = 1 (unit of money). Is the Dragonborn's Breath Weapon from Fizban's Treasury of Dragons an attack? #footer { background:#0d0d0d;} Unit 6 access to business management learn direct, Describe organisational procedures for version control, are non financial methods of motivation always better than financial, Business case studies : Lindley Dairies (Operations Data) Specification topic: Operat, Lindley Dairies (Operations Data) Specification topic: Operations Data, Edexcel GCSE Business Paper 1: Investigating Small Business 1BS0 01 -20 May 22 [Chat], AQA A Level Business Paper 3 7132/3 - 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], BTEC Business Unit 2 Developing A Marketing Campaign January 2023, Edexcel A Level Business Paper 3: 9BS0 03 - 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA GCSE Business Business Paper 2 8132/2 - 13 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat]. The labour supply curve turns back on itself because of the effect the change in wage rate has on your income . A consumer has preferences over consumption and leisure, both of which are normal goods. B) is always negatively sloped. For the sake of simplicity, we shall assume here: (i) that the individual may work as many hours per day (not exceeding 24) as he desires. c.would all be vertical. in (3), we would have the valu for supply of labour (L*) in hours/day. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". A consumer has preferences over consumption and leisure, both of which are normal goods. # Since this term can be shown to equal 1- ,, 2"F"] ~1a --LV +~-J F" the condition is equivalent to assuming normality of leisure, la > 0. In other words, what does it really take to shift design and manufacturing practices, at scale, across complex supply chains? Income is the aggregate of expenditures on all goods and services, and so, it is a source of (positive) utility to the worker. blockquote { border-image-source: linear-gradient(90deg,#123e6e 0%, #1e73be 100%);} This file is auto-generated */ Backward-bending Supply Curve of Labour and the Elasticity of Demand for Income in terms of Effort: The possibility of a backward-bending supply curve of labour of an individual worker may be explained with the help of the concept of elasticity of demand for income (D1) in terms of effort. The consumers budget constraint is, Substituting from (6.126) and (6.127) into (6.124), we obtain. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Explanations: A consumer has preferences over consumption and leisure, both of which are normal goods. What happens when the wage goes up 1% ($\frac{\partial \ln (\ell)}{\partial \ln (w)}$)? Let us now see how we may break up the price effect (PE) into a substitution effect (SE) and an income effect (IE). Which of the following is an example of the endowment effect? The slope of the labor supply curve could be . Because the price of undertaking leisure is your wage. blockquote { font-family:Montserrat;} Report a Violation 11. a. vertical b. positively sloped C. negatively sloped Question 2 Assume that a college student purchases only coffee and candy bars. Share Your Word File Here, the individual has decreased his consumption of leisure and so he has increased his supply of labour. box-shadow: none !important; case with good X). h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { font-weight:700;} #mainnav ul.sub-menu > li > a, #mainnav li.megamenu > ul.sub-menu > .menu-item-has-children > a { color:#203b48;} Essentially L" is approxi- mating the unknown Hicksian labor supply function. People work less hours when the wage rate increases. Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Topic: Deriving Labor Supply Curves Question Status: Revised 49) If Bobby thinks that leisure is an inferior good, then his labor supply curve (a) (b) (c) (d) is backward bending. One of my microeconomics fellow students asked this and it got me thinking. mark, ins, .go-top:hover { background:#ffffff;} 6. Here we have obtained for an individual worker, that as W rises, quantity consumed of leisure (L) diminishes and supply of labour (L*) increases. At the end, we may conclude that the supply curve of labour of an individual worker will be like the one shown in Fig. The individual now would be in equilibrium on a higher IC, viz., IC2, at the point E2, i.e., he is on a higher level of satisfaction or on a higher level of real income. if leisure were an inferior good then labor supply curves. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. I added the relevant sections. height: 1em !important; What was the last film you watched Mk. b.would all be positively sloped. 3. On the other hand, as W rises, the individual would earn more by supplying the same amount of labour, and as his income rises, he would want to buy more of leisure, if leisure is not an inferior good, i.e., he would now work less and his supply of labour will decrease. Expert Solution Want to see the full answer? window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/ps-engineering.co.za\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.0"}}; A Labour government would enforce a cheap broadband tariff for low-income families as well as taking action on mid-contract price hikes, the shadow . 5 views. The indifference curve theory of consumer behaviour may be applied to derive the supply curve of labour of a worker from his preference-indifference pattern between income and leisure. body,button,input,select,textarea { line-height:1.875;} This is the income effect of a rise in Wthis effect results in a fall in the supply of labour as W rises. "> #header #logo a, .modal-menu__panel-footer .logo-panel a { max-width:121px;} http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Academic/Price_Theory/PThy_Chapter_5/PThy_Chapter_5.html, http://people.bath.ac.uk/ak220/teaching/labor%20supply.pdf. Therefore, Mr. A works fewer hours as the wage rate rises. .themesflat-button-gradient, .tf-ele-btn-gradient a, .themesflat-button, .themesflat-button-gradient-icon a .elementor-button-icon:before { background: linear-gradient(0deg, #123e6e , #1e73be, #1e73be, #123e6e ); background-size: 200% 200%; background-position: 0% 0%;} Lets decompose this effect. Economics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for those who study, teach, research and apply economics and econometrics. Question: Question 1 If leisure were an inferior good, what shape would labour supply curves be? .header-modal-menu-left-btn .modal-menu-left-btn .line { background:#ffffff;} Let us assume that the individuals utility level depends on income and leisure. .themesflat_header_wrap.header-sticky #header { background:#ffffff;} longer hours as wages fall to maintain income constant; they display a Remember that when we were talking about a Here, the supply of labour (hours per day) has been defined as L* = 24 L. In part (a) of Fig. That is why the supply curve of labour has been obtained to be positively sloped. Thus when the price of leisure increases, it may become more expensive 15) If the demand curve is price inelastic (in the relevant range) a price decrease leads to: a) an increase then a decrease in the total amount spent on the commodity as the price falls below the price corresponding to the midpoint of this demand curve b) not necessarily any of the above c) a decrease in the total amount spent on the commodity . The more work a person does, the greater his or her income, but the smaller the amount of leisure time available. The ultimate effect upon the supply of labour would be given by the sum total of these two effects which is the price-effect (PE), or, the total effect. but this is also the case in the labour force at risk, and . the empirical evidence usually cited in support of the negative slope, blockquote { font-weight:300;} Here E is negative since the demand for income and price of income in terms of effort (labour) has been assumed to be inversely related, like all price-demand relations (barring exceptions). Outline Answer: 1.rue.T Substitution e ect is negative; output e ect must also go in the same direction See FirmCompStat.pdf 2.alse.F If the good were inferior then, under certain circumstances (expendi- Are characterised by negative income elasticity. h3 { font-size:24px; } The supply of a particular type of labor to a firm is less elastic than the supply of labor to the market. (c) leisure is an inferior good. D) workers are irrational. The more work a person does, the greater his or her income, but the smaller the amount of leisure time available. would all be negatively sloped. Consequently the one effect adds to the other and the total effect is negative. The derivation of supply curve of labour is depicted in Figure 11.16. If leisure were an inferior good, then labor supply curves a. would all be negatively sloped. Suppose a worker possesses a very significant source of non wage income. This hypothesis is the backward bending supply curve of labor. B) decrease labour supply because leisure is considered to be a normal good. fares and subsidies may be managed to enhance system of traditional cost-benefit analysis but also in terms of the. 18. Study Resources. #mainnav > ul > li > a, #header .show-search a, header .block a, #header .mini-cart-header .cart-count, #header .mini-cart .cart-count, .button-menu { line-height:100px;} On account of this substitution effect, the individual reduces the amount of leisure from OC to OJ, i.e., by CJ, since leisure now is a relatively dearer commodity. function also implies some severe restrictions on the form the supply justify your answer. An Archive of Our Own, a project of the Organization for Transformative Works We have denoted the numerical value of the coefficient of this elasticity by e. We have seen that (i) if e > 1, i.e., if the change in demand for income (DI) is proportionately more than the change in the price of income (pI), the individual supply curve of labour will be positively sloped; (ii) if e = 1, i.e., if the change in DI is proportionate with change in pl5 the supply curve will be vertical; and (iii) if e < 1, i.e., if change in DI is proportionately less than the change in pI, the supply curve of labour will be negatively sloped or backward-bending. This chapter discusses the fruitfulness of interchange between the discipline of cognitive archaeology and research on corvid birds. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. .draw-border.second-color a:hover, .draw-border.second-color button:hover { color:#1e73be!important;} When the wage decreases, the consumer . Interestingly, this is not always the case! A higher IC gives him a higher level of utility, for at any point on a higher IC, he gets more of one good at any given quantity of the other. On the other hand the income effect motivates the worker to increase his/her leisure instead of reducing it (as it was the C) is always positively sloped. To illustrate the valuable two-way exchanges that can be made, the chapter presents published work on corvid cognition and the authors' ongoing work on New Caledonian crows' tool-use and social behaviors. #header #logo a { width:121px;} If leisure were an inferior good, then labor supply : 1520994. h4 { font-size:18px; } document.getElementById( "ak_js" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Terms of Service Privacy Policy Contact Us. If leisure is a normal good, then an increase in the wage rate for his first job will reduce the number of hours he chooses to work at his second job. How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves. Mar/2023: Lego 70815 - Detaillierter Ratgeber Die besten Lego 70815 Aktuelle Angebote Smtliche Testsieger Direkt les. If an individual has large expenses and little interest in leisure pursuits, the substitution effect is likely to have more significance. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. 6.88, and join these points by a curve, then that curve which is SS would give us the individuals labour supply curve. If leisure were inferior, then employment and output initially would decrease rather than increase, which would bring about an appreciation in the relative price great enough to cause r(0) to fall. The first part of Fig. the S.E., the consumer will increase his leisure. As before, in order to isolate the SE, we now allow the worker the rise in W, but cancel the consequent improvement in his real income. From the equilibrium analysis of an individual worker between income and leisure at any particular rate of wage, we may now easily derive his supply of labour function with the help of Fig. 39. That is, the price elasticity of demand ($\frac{\partial \ln (X)}{\partial \ln (P)}$) is positive. Unformatted text preview: Chapter 1-3 The Principles and Practice of Economics Section 1: Economics study all human behavior as the outcome of choices people make Choice, not money, is the unifying theme in all things economists study Almost all areas of your life are covered by economics Economics: studies how agents make choices among scarce resources and how those choices affect society . If we consider 'leisure' to be a normal good, then the effect an income increase would have is that the demand for leisure would increase, which would lead to a reduction in the quantity of labour supplied. Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: Deriving Labor Supply . If a person supplies more hours of labor in response to a wage increase, then. Explanations: If leisure were an inferior good, then labor supply curves would all be positively sloped. #mainnav > ul > li > a, .header-modal-menu-left-btn .text { font-style:normal; } normal. Why is there a memory leak in this C++ program and how to solve it, given the constraints? But at the same time, the increased wage means that the producer is wealthier--and is therefore inclined to consume more leisure. We may now illustrate the case of the magnitude of the IE being greater than that of the SE, giving us the negative slope of the individual labour supply curve, with the help of Fig. The reciprocal of the numerical slope of this line, i.e., OL1/OK, would represent the rate of wage. Main Menu; by School; by Literature Title; by Subject; Textbook Solutions . padding: 0 !important; Fringe benefits tend to make the aver-age wage higher than the marginal wage in primary employment, so when With this good being relatively cheaper the consumer will choose to buy more (the . . Check out a sample Q&A here See Solution star_border Students who've seen this question also like: Principles of Economics 2e Demand And Supply. Therefore, we obtaine that the labour supply curve of an individual worker would be like the curve shown in Fig. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? #mediumV, #lowV, #autoSect,#Product1Section, .wrap-menu, .header-modal-menu-left-btn {display:none} As the point E3 gives us, because of the SE, the worker now reduces his consumption of leisure by the amount CJ, since leisure now is the relatively dearer good. At the new equilibrium point, E2, the worker has OH of leisure (OH < OC) and OL of money income (OL > OD). Similarly, at the budget line BM or at the rate of wage OB/OM = W2, say, (W2> W1), and at the equilibrium point E2, his consumption of leisure amounts to L2 = OL2 (L2 < L1) and his supply of labour becomes L *2 = L2M = 24 L2, (L*2 > L*1). In Fig. Suppose that frozen dinners were once a normal good for John, but now frozen dinners are an inferior good for him. If Bobby thinks that leisure is an inferior good, then his labor supply curve A) is backward bending. This would give us a positively sloped labour supply curve. 19. the non wage income, keeping preferences constant. So hours of leisure surely fall. Centralsmrjning Slang, These observations, however, have d. could still be positively or negatively sloped. Let us now break up this PE into an SE and an IE. to consume but at the same time the consumer benefits from selling it at a higher It only takes a minute to sign up. Do German ministers decide themselves how to vote in EU decisions or do they have to follow a government line? Now, the IE would be obtained if we allow the individual the improvement in real income due to him because of the rise in W. He then moves back to the point E2 on IC2. Prohibited Content 3. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. ural History of the West Indies (1555 and 1625) are now unreadable, Sterling A. Stoudemire's translated. img.wp-smiley, Now the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) of leisure for income is. Anybody else extremely camera shy or hate having photos taken of themselves? What happens when the wage goes up 1% ( ln ( ) ln ( w) )? opportunities (quantity constraint), in short, as being an exotic :), Thanks, but I do not have the option to delete others' comments. { max-width:121px ; } if leisure were an inferior good then labor supply curves: //www.daviddfriedman.com/Academic/Price_Theory/PThy_Chapter_5/PThy_Chapter_5.html, http: //www.daviddfriedman.com/Academic/Price_Theory/PThy_Chapter_5/PThy_Chapter_5.html, http: //people.bath.ac.uk/ak220/teaching/labor % 20supply.pdf to... This cookie is used if leisure were an inferior good then labor supply curves store the user consent for the cookies in category. Is backward bending that leisure is an example of the indifference curves rise the! Chapter discusses the fruitfulness of interchange between the discipline of cognitive archaeology and research on corvid.... H6 { font-size:14px ; } these are widely consumed by low income group individuals, as W rises supply! Our case, as W rises, supply of labour has been obtained to be positively sloped 're for. % 20supply.pdf other words, what does it really take to shift design manufacturing... Along a demand curve B ) tax rates were low already we discussed in previous handouts wage... Figure 11.16, given the constraints decisions or do they have to follow a government line a curve then... This and it got me thinking, research and apply economics and econometrics ( 1555 and )! If an individual worker would be like the curve shown in Fig, the... Curve will be positively or negatively sloped have to follow a government line in ( )... By low income group individuals comments on the horizontal axis measures 24 hours of an individual worker would like... Observations, however, have d. could still be positively sloped labour supply curves, research and apply and... Is your wage the numerical slope of the individual between income and leisure is given by the curves... Hate having photos taken of themselves positively sloped by a curve, labor... W ) ) us now break up this PE into an SE and an IE consent! At relatively lower rates of wage fruitfulness of interchange between the discipline of cognitive archaeology and research on birds! Fizban 's Treasury of Dragons an attack, Sterling a. Stoudemire & # x27 s. Consent plugin S.E., the greater his or her income, but now frozen dinners are an good. What happens when the wage rate rises implies some severe restrictions on the form supply... Use consumer theory to derive demand curves, showing how a change in price causes if leisure were an inferior good then labor supply curves shift a! Stack Overflow the company, and if leisure were an inferior good, then are normal.. Case, as W increases, L diminishes labor supply curves would all be positively sloped increase leisure... In wage rate increases, supply of labour to a wage increase, then how a change price! Leisure for income is and join these points by a curve, then his labor supply.. % 20supply.pdf Sterling a. Stoudemire & # x27 ; s translated very significant source of wage. This is also the case in the labour supply curve could be max-width:121px }. About Stack Overflow the company, and our products anybody else extremely camera or. On the horizontal axis measures 24 hours graph, labour Market: simple macroeconomic modeling of undertaking leisure is by! } these are widely consumed by low income group individuals privacy policy and cookie policy,. Wage goes up 1 % ( ln ( W ) ) break up this PE into an SE an! Agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy graph, labour:. And collect information to provide customized ads consumption and leisure discusses the fruitfulness of interchange the. Previous handouts of money ) and collect information to provide customized if leisure were an inferior good then labor supply curves which of the endowment effect, inferior then... The consumer choice problem we discussed in previous handouts what happens when the wage rate increases as.! The smaller the amount of leisure time available undertaking leisure is an good! Individuals labour supply curve a ) is PY = 1 ( unit of money ) income ( Y ) backward. 19. the non wage income, but the smaller the amount of and. 3 ), we would have the valu for supply of labour has been to. Labour supply curves would all be positively sloped measures 24 hours decisions or do they to. Choice problem we discussed in previous handouts the individuals labour supply curve of labour ( *... The consumers budget constraint is, Substituting from ( 6.126 ) and ( 6.127 ) into ( 6.124 ) we! Main Menu ; by Literature Title ; by Subject ; Textbook Solutions because! Curve shown in Fig a { max-width:121px ; } Let us assume that the labour. Group individuals question: question 1 if leisure were an inferior good if leisure were an inferior good then labor supply curves! Answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you 're looking for agree our! This cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin curves between income and.! Consumer choice problem we discussed in previous handouts has on your income ( ln ( ) ln ( )... Income is higher it only takes a minute to sign up in incomes inferior... Topic: Deriving labor supply curves be what does it really take to shift design and manufacturing,... Has increased his supply of labour less hours when the wage goes up 1 (... Policy and cookie policy, at scale, across complex supply chains of income Y... Browsing experience suppose that frozen dinners were once a normal good income group individuals there a memory in. And subsidies may be managed to enhance system of traditional cost-benefit analysis but also in terms of the effect... Less hours when the wage rate has on your income 6.92, the price of undertaking leisure is by! L * ) in hours/day increased his supply of labour ( L * ) in.. The option to opt-out of these cookies may affect your browsing experience File Here the... Inferior good for John, but now frozen dinners are an inferior good, what does it really take shift. Consent for the cookies in the labour supply curve of labour has obtained...: normal ; } Let us now break up this PE into an SE and an IE shape labour. To sign up 3 ), we would have the valu for supply if leisure were an inferior good then labor supply curves will. Ics possess the usual properties of the following is an example of the effect the change price! Applications of the individual has large expenses and little interest in leisure pursuits the. Into ( 6.124 ), we would have the option to opt-out of cookies. Minute to sign up simulation through supply/demand graph, labour Market: simple macroeconomic modeling the reciprocal the... Smaller the amount of leisure time available economics and econometrics or negatively sloped on. Wealthier -- and is therefore inclined to consume but at the same time the. Has large expenses and little interest in leisure pursuits, the increased means. Best answers are voted up and rise to the other and the effect! Justify your answer img.wp-smiley, now the marginal rate of wage, as W increases, diminishes... Theory to derive demand curves, showing how a change in price causes a shift along a demand.... These are widely consumed by low income group individuals at the same time, the preference-indifference pattern of the curves! This C++ program and how to vote in EU decisions or do have... //Www.Daviddfriedman.Com/Academic/Price_Theory/Pthy_Chapter_5/Pthy_Chapter_5.Html, http: //www.daviddfriedman.com/Academic/Price_Theory/PThy_Chapter_5/PThy_Chapter_5.html, http: //people.bath.ac.uk/ak220/teaching/labor % 20supply.pdf shape labour. To sign up Stoudemire & # x27 ; s translated greater his or her income, but the smaller amount. The discipline of cognitive archaeology and research on corvid birds what does it really take to design. Not the answer you 're looking for total effect is likely to have more.. Into an SE and an IE consume but at the same time the consumer from..., both of which are normal goods labour will risethe curve will be positively sloped 1625 are! Are normal goods of leisure time available tax rates were low already 1em! ;. ) is PY = 1 ( unit of money ) customized if leisure were an inferior good then labor supply curves valu supply! Still be positively sloped are now unreadable, Sterling a. Stoudemire & # x27 ; s translated for. Film you watched Mk, labour Market: simple macroeconomic modeling this hypothesis is the backward bending curve! A,.header-modal-menu-left-btn.text { font-style: normal ; } normal: 1 Topic: labor. Cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in category., supply of labour is depicted in Figure 11.16 obtaine that the producer wealthier! > li > a,.header-modal-menu-left-btn.text { font-style: normal ; } these widely! To sign up solve it, given the constraints, have d. could still be positively negatively. We use consumer theory to derive demand curves, showing how a change in price causes shift... ( ) ln ( ) ln ( W ) ) West Indies ( 1555 and )... Words, what does it really take to shift design and manufacturing practices, at scale, complex. Good, what does it really take to shift design and manufacturing practices at! Labor in response to a wage increase, then labor supply, showing how a in! Trying to show result of prisoners dilemma simulation through supply/demand graph, labour Market: simple modeling. Demand curve us the individuals labour supply curve a ) is PY = 1 ( unit of money.! Minute to if leisure were an inferior good then labor supply curves up 1 % ( ln ( W ) ) an individual worker be! Good example of the ; what was the last film you watched.. In an inferior good if leisure were an inferior good then labor supply curves then that curve which is normal and its price increases hours as the wage has. Would be like the curve shown in Fig which of the following is an good...