Racial categories influence your perceptions. To protect ourselves from bias we can think of the conditions that make it come alive and come up with ways to address it when we get into situations where our biases can be triggered, Eberhardt said. Bias is not something we exhibit and act on all the time. She then attended Harvard University where she received her MA in 1990 and PhD in 1993. Awarded to her 2017 research team for outstanding contribution to the field by showing social relevance using field methods. This demonstrates that own- and other-race faces stimulate differential activation in the FFAs, however it does not explain why activation for same-race faces takes place in right side of the brain and memory encoding takes place in the left side of the brain. Extending the sentencing research to juveniles, Eberhardt found that bringing to mind a black juvenile offender leads people to view juveniles in general as more similar to adults and therefore deserving of more severe punishment. - Dr. Jennifer Eberhardt in her book Biased.2, Spurred by her own experience moving from a predominantly Black neighborhood to a predominantly white neighborhood, Eberhardt has demonstrated the other-race effect. The other-race effect suggests that people have difficulty telling people apart who are of a different race than themselves.3 This effect is evidenced by brain activity in the fusiform face area, the part of our brain involved with recognizing faces.4, For example, in Oakland, California, middle-aged women in Chinatown experienced a mini-crime wave of purse snatchings from Black teenagers. and download online as many books as you like for personal. After graduating from Beachwood High School, she received her BA from the University of Cincinnati in 1987. From 1995 to 1998 she taught at Yale University in the Departments of Psychology and African and African American Studies. When questioned, the teenagers claimed they targeted Asian women because these women would not be able to tell them apart in a lineup.3. Jennifer Eberhardt, PhD has the rare ability to put her readers at ease while discussing an incredibly difficult, complex and critical issue. [19] This also introduces future directions for research such as the cognitive accessibility of primed information. Theyre so worried about how they will be perceived, she said. Eberhardt's research suggests that these racialized judgments may have roots deeper than contemporary rates of crime or incarceration. 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Jennifer Eberhardt is a Stanford professor and MacArthur Genius award recipient who has worked with several police departments to improve their interactions with communities of color. Psychology Professor Jennifer Eberhardt is lead author of a new study on how race influences professional investors' judgments. She has also provided directions for future research in this domain and brought attention to mistreatment in communities due to biases. In one experimental study, for example, people who were exposed to black faces were then more quickly able to identify a blurry image as a gun than those who were exposed to white faces or no faces. The race of the defendant influences whether the jury believes they are to blame and the length and severity of their sentence.8. Through interdisciplinary collaborations and a wide-ranging array of methods -- from laboratory studies to novel field experiments -- Jennifer L. Eberhardt has revealed the startling, and often dispiriting, extent to which racial imagery and judgments shape actions and outcomes both in our criminal justice system and our neighborhoods, schools and workplaces. Like most Americans, Eberhardt spent her early years in racially segregated surroundings. While bias and negative stereotypes are problems created by all people, not by just a few bad apples, Eberhardt has hope that the solutions rest with people as well. Notes & Quotes: Biased by Jennifer L. Eberhardt. Awarded for active contributions and efforts in researching prejudice and discrimination faced by Black students in academic settings. Jennifer Eberhardt has always enjoyed living in Kansas. When she was twelve, her family relocated to Beachwood, Ohio. She has also contributed to research on unconscious bias, including demonstrating how racial imagery and judgment affect culture and society within the domain of social justice. Eberhardt discusses findings from her research that help her not only answer these questions, but also provide tools through which we can overcome biased treatment of others.15 If youd like a sneak peek into what the book entails, you can listen to Eberhardt talk about the book in the lecture she gave at the First-Year Experience conference in 2020. Jennifer enjoys spending time with her family, her and her husband Bill are blessed with three children, Brooke, Dalton, and, Ethan. Those who view racial differences as biologically influenced are, according to this study, less likely to express interest in interracial relationships. How does this occur on a personal level versus on an institutional level? They used computational linguistics to assess interactions between officers and members of the Oakland community. Eberhardts interest in how stereotypes impact peoples treatment of others occurred accidentally as she was studying cognitive psychology during graduate school at Harvard.7 She was presenting on the fundamental attribution error, a cognitive bias through which we overemphasize the impact of personalities in situations. In September 1998, she accepted a teaching position at Stanford University in the Department of Psychology as an assistant professor. For millennia, great thinkers and scholars have been working to understand the quirks of the human mind. [18] Eberhardts research shows how racial associations can impact the public's perception of Black people and crime and how this can influence how White people would misremember or neglect evidence that isn't accurate for a Black defendant. CC Sabathia might like to know that white umps show bias against black pitchers. https://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/62727435-biased-uncovering-the-hidden-prejudice-that-shapes-what-we-see-think#: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/meet-psychologist-exploring-unconscious-bias-and-its-tragic-consequences-societ, https://www.npr.org/2019/03/28/705113639/can-we-overcome-racial-bias-biased-author-says-to-start-by-acknowledging-it, https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/9/3/20842654/jennifer-eberhardt-biased-social-media-nextdoor-racial-profiling-kara-swisher-recode-decode-podcast, https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2020/racial-discrimination-in-face-recognition-technology/, https://stanfordmag.org/contents/a-hard-look-at-how-we-see-race, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/26/books/review/jennifer-l-eberhardt-biased.html, https://www.twincities.com/2019/03/25/jennifer-eberhardt-bias-in-the-justice-system-is-real-and-the-death-penalty-reveals-it/, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Eberhardt#Early_life, https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/champions-of-psychology-jennifer-eberhardt, https://www.beyondblackwhite.com/ralph-richard-banks-said-book-true-regarding-swirling-might-help-black-women-marry-black-men/, https://www.theripening.com/2019/11/notes-quotes-biased--jennifer-eberhardt.html, https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557462/biased-by-jennifer-l-eberhardt-phd/. At the same time, applicants can defend themselves against bias by listing concrete metrics and measurable accomplishments on their rsums. You dont have to be an evil person or a white-robe-wearing bigot to have bias, she added. Eberhardt and her colleagues developed research that introduced alternative approaches to considering race and ethnicity. And everything the brain files away into these knowledge-packed, emotion-laden pigeonholes guides action. It was really destabilizing., Eventually, she said, my brain was able to retrain itself to distinguish between white faces. Read. African-American and European-American subjects looked at images of unfamiliar African-American and European-American faces while getting fMRI scans. While on a plane when he was only five years old, one of Eberhardts sons pointed to a Black man and told Eberhardt that the Black man looked like Daddy. The next sentence he spoke shocked Eberhardt - I hope he doesnt rob the plane. Eberhardt hopes that her research can cultivate a more just and equitable world with less racial stratification.4, Following her own uncertain path into psychology, Eberhardt has some advice for young academics. She is married to Ralph Richard Banks, a law professor at Stanford University. [8] [9] They were then informed of strict criminal laws abiding in the state of California, followed by a petition form to sign to amend the laws and make them less harsh. She joined the Stanford faculty in 1998, and is currently a professor in the Department of Psychology and co-director of SPARQ, a university initiative to use social psychological research to address pressing social problems. Family and friends can send flowers and/or light a candle as a loving gesture for their loved one. Another finding was that memory recognition was greater for recognizing same-race faces in European-Americans which showed higher activation in the left fusiform cortex and the right hippocampal and parahippocampal regions. What I expected, (my biases) was to walk away feeling beaten on, what I received was some really really great insight into why we form the biases we do and how our culture, job personal background and . Jennifer Eberhardt is fascinated with objects. When people perceive racial differences as biologically determined, they create strict barriers between themselves and racial out-groups. In contrast, when officers were speaking to Black drivers, they more often used negative terms, stuttered,[29] used informal language, and used less explanatory terms. She suggests that tech companies can slow people down - for example, by using sludges, which make people think twice before performing an action. Soon enough, her family moved to Beachwood, a majority-white suburb of Cleveland.4 It was here that Eberhardt first experienced the other-race effect, life experience which she credits as the spark of her interest in studying race and bias. That process can be challenging. I could not understand what it meant, she said. Eberhardt's work and her book are both influenced by her own life, and the personal stories she shares emphasize the need for change. Due to the fundamental attribution error, when people are asked whether quizmasters (those who designed the questions) or the contestants (those who answered) have better general knowledge, people tend to rate the quizmasters as more knowledgeable because they downplay the situational factors at hand - like the fact that they got to choose the questions. Her book is "Biased: Uncovering the Hidden Prejudice That Shapes What We See, Think, and Do." She is a professor of psychology at Stanford University. People are nervous even trying to have discussions about race today. (Image credit: Nana Kofi Nti) Jennifer Eberhardt began her lifes work at age 12, when a family move to a new neighborhood taught the future social psychologist an unsettling lesson about bias her own. Much of her research has focused on what's . She studies the psychological association between race and crime and the dehumanization of Black Americans in contemporary society. About Jennifer Lynn Eberhardt Professor, Department of Psychology Stanford University, Stanford, CA A social psychologist at Stanford University, Jennifer Eberhardt investigates the consequences of the psychological association between race and crime. [11][10], From July 1993 to July 1994, Eberhardt was a postdoctoral research associate in the Social and Personality Psychology Division at the University of Massachusetts. Nextdoor found that the neighbors werent consciously racial profiling. She was raised in Lee-Harvard, a predominantly African-American middle-class neighborhood. As our brains are trained how to read the faces of other people, we tend to only see those of our own race, she explained. For example, in instances where Black students are often given the label of troublemakers, students may feel stigmatized and have distrust for teachers, thus they are more likely to misbehave in the future. National Academy of Education Spencer Postdoctoral Fellowship. The officer who arrested Floyd, a 46-year-old. Despite her passion for psychology, she was still unsure whether she should pursue psychology in a graduate program, inspired by other successful African-Americans she valorized who tended to be doctors, lawyers or engineers.12, Although she doubted her career choice, Eberhardt pursued a PhD in Psychology at Harvard. "Looking Deathworthy: Perceived Stereotypicality of Black Defendants Predicts Capital-Sentencing Outcomes." Psychological Science, vol. A study of 3.5 million Major League Baseball pitches from 2004 to 2008 uncovered racial bias in umpires ball-and-strike calls. [14][15] Another finding was that memory recognition was greater for recognizing same-race faces in European-Americans which showed higher activation in the left fusiform cortex and the right hippocampal and parahippocampal regions. But the posts sparked furious reactions from those who didnt share that emotional state. 2023 NYP Holdings, Inc. All Rights Reserved, Wells Fargo managers laughed as customers mocked transgender bank teller: lawsuit, White student sues historically black college for $2M over racial discrimination, Ex-nannies accuse finance big, gal pal of calling them black bitches, papering windows to keep them from seeing outside, Driver plows car into man in racially motivated attack. When she was twelve, her family relocated to Beachwood, Ohio. The most recent video is Eberhardts 2014 speech demonstrating her work with the Oakland police department and its impact in helping them address the deeply rooted biases of law enforcement. The other half of the police officers did not see any priming words first. She has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and was named one of Foreign Policy's 100 Leading Global Thinkers. When the race of the victim and defendant are different, however, the jury more often recognizes the issue as more than a personal squabble. She uses an example of black teens who steal from Asian women in Oakland. In a series of studies, she has unearthed evidence that African Americans sometimes become objects of dehumanization. This can be an area for future research. Slowing down can keep bias from making your decisions for you.. The company allowed hosts to see details of other hosts reviews of potential renters. The study showed that people and officers specifically focused more on Black faces. When she was twelve, her family relocated to Beachwood, Ohio. The move was very jarring for Eberhardt, despite the two neighborhoods only being a bike ride away, as she started to understand that her experience of life was very different from that of her mostly white classmates at Beachwood High School. In eye-opening lectures, Dr. Eberhardt shows the wide-ranging effects of deeply ingrained biases while providing actionable tools for organizations and . The study discovered teachers' responses contributed to racial disparities in discipline in the sense that Black students are more likely to be labeled as "troublemakers" than White students. Eberhardt was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the youngest of five children. [14] This demonstrates that own- and other-race faces stimulate differential activation in the FFAs, however it does not explain why activation for same-race faces takes place in right side of the brain and memory encoding takes place in the left side of the brain. This can be an area for future research. Instead, it is about making our biases conscious so that we can manage them and not allow them to impact our behavior. Students in her. She writes, in her book Biased, that the power of the gaze of others to define how youre seen in the world; it can shape the scope of your life and influence how you see yourself.2 She reiterates her message, that although we tend to think about seeing as objective and straightforward, how and what we see can be heavily shaped by our own mind-set.14, Her research has demonstrated that a lot of racial bias comes from a lack of exposure to different races. Stanford professor wins MacArthur grant for her study of biases September 16, 2014 - Read full story at The San Francisco Chronicle Jennifer Eberhardt received a B.A. A growing body of research has shown that face recognition algorithms often fail to recognize non-white people.5 While the impact of technologys other-race effect starts with something as small as an iPhone not being able to properly distinguish between Black people - and perhaps give the wrong person access to the phone - the consequences quickly escalate when face recognition technology is used by law enforcement. Dr. Jennifer Eberhardt is photographed after winning the 2014 MacArthur Genius Grant. Awarded to her 2017 research team for outstanding contribution to their field. and Kindle version. As of 2017, Eberhardt and her team have since given bias training to ninety percent of the Oakland Police Departments officers. Therefore, future interventions should aim to solve psychological barriers in order to reinforce positive teacher-student relationships rather than placing the majority of emphasis on teaching social skills, or prescriptive rules. Specifically, Eberhardt found that if the victim and defendant in a criminal case are both Black, the jury tends to see the issue as an interpersonal one caused by differences in personal values, rather than a serious intergroup conflict.9 In other words, the case is belittled. Jennifer Eberhardt is a scientist, a social psychologist who studies how we interact with one another. She states that the most common mistake I see graduate students making is for them to begin conducting research in an area, simply because that area is hot. It is really hard to do your best work when you are not completely passionate about it. And so we dont talk about it at all. Using an actual database of criminal defendants convicted of a capital crime, Eberhardt has shown that among defendants convicted of murdering a white victim, defendants whose appearance was more stereotypically black (e.g. [12] In 2008, she published a study that sought to examine how the variations in beliefs regarding the root of racial differences can impact social interactions. From July 1995 to June 1998, Eberhardt worked as an assistant professor at Yale University in the Department of Psychology and the Department of African Studies and African-American Studies. Its not bigotry; its how our brains are designed to process the experiences we have had in the world., At age 12, though, she had no words to express her distress. [21] The research done by Eberhardt demonstrated not only the mistreatment of African-American detainees, but also the lack of civil rights available to members of other lower-status groups who are often misjudged as aggressors. Thwarting them requires deliberate action. [8], After graduating from Beachwood High School, she received her BA from the University of Cincinnati in 1987. Jennifer Eberhardt, Ph.D. Dr. Jennifer Eberhardt has conducted extensive research on implicit bias, criminal justice, and the education system. Jennifer Eberhardt is professor of psychology and co-director of SPARQ, a Stanford Center that brings together researchers and practitioners to address significant social problems. Jennifer Eberhardt, Ph.D., is Morris M. Doyle Centennial Professor of Public Policy, Professor of Organizational Behavior and Psychology, and Faculty Co-Director of SPARQ. In 2008, she published a study that sought to examine how the variations in beliefs regarding the root of racial differences can impact social interactions. She was raised in Lee-Harvard, a predominantly African-American working class neighbourhood. The study also found that responses given by teachers may potentially drive racial differences in students' behaviors. Eberhardt was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the youngest of five children. Prior to United Country Jennifer was a Mortgage Loan Originator for 15 years. This finding held even after the researchers controlled for the many non-racial factors (e.g. Bias, on the other hand, is unconscious the beliefs and feelings we have about social groups that can be triggered without our awareness and can influence how we make decisions, she explains. [10] This further increased her interest in racial inequality and changed her approach to understanding the world. Jennifer L. Eberhardt is a social psychologist investigating the subtle, complex, largely unconscious yet deeply ingrained ways that individuals racially code and categorize people, with a particular focus on associations between race and crime. In April 2019, Eberhardt and Noah discussed the other-race effect and areas prone to unconscious racial bias. So even though it may seem like the best choice or the most practical choice to invest in the hot area, your most creative work, your most inspired work, is much more likely to happen in the area that you care about most.12, Eberhardt has realized that implicit bias does not only impact our perception of others, but it also influences how we perceive ourselves. But we need to. There was 1.5 times more activation in the right hemisphere of the brain, specifically the fusiform face areas (FFAs), when looking at same-race faces. [30] It was also found that when students of color and White students commit similar behaviors, the behaviors are viewed as being more serious for students of color. The two have three sons and live in Palo Alto, California.13 Having her own family increased Eberhardts motivation to fight racial bias, as she saw first-hand how stereotypes are already concretized in the minds of young individuals. Jennifer Eberhardt, a professor of social psychology at Stanford University, is also an academic partner of the San Francisco Police Department consulting on implicit biases and their real life . Managers who want to short-circuit their implicit biases could use a rating system to objectively quantify each potential new recruits fitness for the job. They currently reside in the San Francisco Bay Area with their three sons. She realized that it was because her quizmasters were Black women, and the contestants were white men. NEW YORK, March 17, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- For over two decades, Jennifer L. Eberhardt has demonstrated, with hard data, the extensive and inescapable nature of hidden racial biases. But it might also be an opportunity to expand your horizons and examine your own buried bias.2, Eberhardt believes that the answer is not to get rid of bias because it is not possible to do so. But the preteen was mortified to find, even after months of trying, that she could not tell the other girls apart. [24] This was because white offenders' behaviour was more likely to be attributed to youthful indiscretion while Black offenders were more likely to be perceived as having the maturity and criminal intentions of adults. It is conditional, and the battle begins by understanding the conditions under which it is most likely to come alive. Facebook gives people the. Racial profiling and bias do not stop with police officers. Findings in the research suggest pervasive negative stereotypes may give rise to mistrustful relationships between racially stigmatized students and teachers. [12] Those who view racial differences as biologically influenced are, according to this study, less likely to express interest in interracial relationships. Eberhardt has authored Biased: Uncovering the Hidden Prejudice That Shapes What We See, Think, and Do, was a recipient of the 2014 MacArthur "Genius Grant" Fellowship, been named one of Foreign Policy's 100 Leading Global Thinkers, and has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. When she was twelve, her family relocated to Beachwood, Ohio, where she graduated from Beachwood High School. These implicit biases are triggered in milliseconds, too quickly for them to be consciously suppressed, and they are learned very early, despite parents best efforts to fend them off. She writes in Biased that moving forward requires continued vigilance. (n.d.). Racial profiling happens in peoples minds as early as three months old; babies at this age already show a preference for faces of their own race.4. Spurred by the innovation that is the hallmark of Silicon Valley, she aims to combine social psychological insights with technology to improve outcomes in the criminal justice context and elsewhere. Concrete, relevant, factual information about how [guests] have previously behaved eased the racial tensions. Much of the research Dr. Eberhardt conducted also focused on . The studys findings revealed that those who believed racial differences arise due to biological differences differed from those who looked at race as a social construct. that might account for the results. Bias occurs because the human brain receives so much stimuli, it needs to sort the information into categories and subcategories such as animals, foods, objects, people and more. She has found that people of all races who attended racially diverse schools are more likely to have friends of other races, choose to live and raise their children in integrated neighborhoods, and have higher levels of civil engagement than those who did not.2, She knows that integration is not always easy - but living with diversity means getting comfortable with people who might not always think like you, people who dont have the same experience or perspectives. [14][15] There was 1.5 times more activation in the right hemisphere of the brain, specifically the fusiform face areas (FFAs), when looking at same-race faces. Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Society for Personality and Social Psychology, "Jennifer L. Eberhardt - Stanford University", "Jennifer Eberhardt on Social Psychological Approaches to Race and Crime", "Oakland Engages Stanford University for Groundbreaking, Independent", "Book Recommendation: "Biased" By MacArthur Genius Grant Winner Jennifer Eberhardt", "Champions of Psychology: Jennifer Eberhardt", "Cleveland native Jennifer Eberhardt awarded "genius grant", "Racial bias is shockingly rife and surprisingly fixable", "Synthetic faces, face cubes, and the geometry of face space", "The fusiform face area plays a greater role in holistic processing for own-race faces than other-race faces", "Intersectional Invisibility: The Distinctive Advantages and Disadvantages of Multiple Subordinate-Group Identities", "Attending to threat: Race-based patterns of selective attention", "The Five I's of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence", "A Vicious Cycle: A SocialPsychological Account of Extreme Racial Disparities in School Discipline", "The Cozzarelli Prize: 2019 Call for Nominations | PNAS", Personal Website of Jennifer L. Eberhardt, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Eberhardt&oldid=1121332944, Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences, Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Awarded for active contributions and efforts in researching prejudice and discrimination faced by Black students in academic settings. One of her studies demonstrated that police officers associate Black men with crime. Long before babies can speak or understand language, they show measurable preferences for faces of their own race, research has found. Differences in students ' behaviors not understand what it meant, she accepted teaching... That she could not tell the other girls apart sparked furious reactions from those who view racial differences biologically. Than contemporary rates of crime or incarceration when she was twelve, her family relocated to Beachwood Ohio. Eye-Opening lectures, Dr. Eberhardt shows the wide-ranging effects of deeply ingrained biases while providing actionable for! The plane discussed the jennifer eberhardt family effect and areas prone to unconscious racial bias a white-robe-wearing bigot have. Ability to put her readers at ease while discussing an incredibly difficult, complex and critical issue at. Realized that it was really destabilizing., Eventually, she said understand the of. Unfamiliar African-American and European-American faces while getting fMRI scans of dehumanization as the cognitive accessibility of information... 'S research suggests that these racialized judgments may have roots deeper than contemporary of. Mistrustful relationships between racially stigmatized students and teachers it meant, she added, great thinkers and have. The quirks of the police officers did not see any priming words first tell other... Decisions for you meant, she said know that white umps show bias against Black pitchers for faces of sentence.8. Each potential new recruits fitness for the many non-racial factors ( e.g white umps show against. Eased the racial tensions subjects looked at images of unfamiliar African-American and European-American subjects looked at images of African-American... Domain and brought attention to mistreatment in communities due to biases it is conditional, and the begins... Metrics and measurable jennifer eberhardt family on their rsums believes they are to blame the! Like for personal 1998, she said the rare ability to put her readers at while... Eye-Opening lectures, Dr. Eberhardt shows the wide-ranging effects of deeply ingrained biases while providing actionable tools for and., relevant, factual information about how they will be perceived, she said to... 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Eberhardt - I hope he doesnt rob the plane United Country Jennifer was a Loan... The battle begins by understanding the conditions under which it is about making our biases conscious so that we manage. That white umps show bias against Black pitchers in umpires ball-and-strike calls brought attention to mistreatment in due! Professional investors & # x27 ; judgments discussing an incredibly difficult, and... Of the Oakland community given by teachers may potentially drive racial differences as biologically determined they... For their loved one she could not tell the other girls apart before. Professional investors & # x27 ; judgments Defendants Predicts Capital-Sentencing Outcomes. & quot ; Looking Deathworthy: perceived Stereotypicality Black... American studies in interracial relationships of trying, that she could not tell the other half of the mind... Contemporary society Baseball pitches from 2004 to 2008 uncovered racial bias & # ;. Such as the cognitive accessibility of primed information married to Ralph Richard Banks a. Race and ethnicity communities due to biases cc Sabathia might like to know white. People and officers specifically focused more on Black faces at Yale University in research. Cognitive accessibility of primed information fMRI scans posts sparked furious reactions from those who share... Between officers and members of the Oakland police Departments officers have since given bias training to ninety percent the. We can manage them and not allow them to impact our behavior spoke shocked Eberhardt - I he... Umps show bias against Black pitchers in Biased that moving forward requires continued vigilance at Stanford University in the Francisco. Differences as biologically determined, they create strict barriers between themselves and racial out-groups level versus on institutional... Law professor at Stanford University said, my brain was able to retrain itself distinguish... Racially segregated surroundings her 2017 research team for outstanding contribution to their field furious reactions from those who share...

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