A middle class, consisting of merchants and bankers, was taking power away from noblemen. Crowned King William I of England (also known as William the Conqueror; ruled 106687), he introduced French language and culture into that country. Jewish leaders such as Abraham They had heard stories about people being burnt black by the sun in the hot climate and about vicious sea monsters and giants lurking under the sea. The Puritans gave him a document called the Millenary Petition, a request for changes that was supposedly signed by a thousand of the king's subjects. Philip's only son, Carlos, was exhibiting bouts of severe mental instability. Years' War. Charles's spokesmen claimed the troops had moved on Rome against Eventually feudalism (a term derived from the medieval Latin word feudum, meaning "fee") spread throughout Europe and served as a unifying institution for all aspects of life. The Dutch troubles worsened in 1578 when Philip approved the assassination of Juan de Escobedo (died 1578), John of Austria's dangerous and ambitious secretary. Rating: 4.3/5 Stars ( 66 reviews) Favourite Games Add to your games. Two years later, Philip issued a royal proclamation condemning William of Orange as an outlaw and the main source of unrest in the Netherlands. In 1483 Torquemada was appointed first inquisitor for all Spanish provinces. They established a line of strong monarchs that lasted for eight hundred years and elevated France to the status of a major power. She was burned at the stake in 1431. Before leaving Spain in 1520, he appointed Adrian Florensz as regent of Spain. A new royal house, the Tudors, began with this marriage. They were well-known as capable warriors but had political aspirations beyond their simple desire for conquest. Richelieu followed a systematic policy that enhanced the king's absolute rule at home and fought against the power of the Habsburgs abroad. Rise of Kingdoms' success story is a great example of this. His opponents for the position were King Francis I of France (see "France" section previously in this chapter) and King Henry VIII of England (see "England" section previously in this chapter). Although feudalism had been replaced by a new economic system, social and political structures were still based on the fief. Both Katherine Almost from the beginning, things went wrong with the complicated Spanish plan. The Moors established a new culture on the Iberian Peninsula. At the time, many believed that a "Northwest Passage," a water route to the Indies, could be found either around or through the North American continent. No action was taken, however, because the church wanted to win converts and noblemen did not want to lose Moriscan laborers who worked on their estates. The expanded Frankish state he founded is called the . John IV ushered in Portugal's silver age, the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when the wealth of Brazil once more made Lisbon one of the most brilliant European capitals. Throughout the 1630s, Olivares tried to persuade the Catalans to surrender these privileges, but he did not succeed. He improperly anchored the fleet, thus leaving an opening for a squadron of English fire ships to set the Armada ablaze. One of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. Although the revolt did not end until 1648 with Dutch independence, the Spanish had many military victories in the Netherlands during Philip's reign. Learn more. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Some Jews, called Marranos, pretended to convert while secretly practicing Judaism (the Jewish religion). Richelieu died in 1642, and Louis XIII died a few months later. In expedition after expedition, Portuguese ships inched their way down the African coast. (Over the years the story has been told that Luther nailed the Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church, but many historians refute that story.) The Jesuit missionary Jacques Marquette (16371675), on a 1673 expedition to carry traders and goods into New France's fur-trapping country, discovered a new North American river, the Mississippi, and descended it all the way to the mouth of the Arkansas River before returning. Just as Philip was on the verge of reclaiming the northern provinces of the Netherlands, his attention was diverted by war with England. Unlike the other European countries that played a prominent role in the Renaissance period, Spain was heavily influenced by Africa and the Middle East. Catherine of Aragon died a natural death in the same year. The enormous strain of directing such a massive empire had taken a toll on Charles. The reign of Charles and his family, the Anjous, was called the Angevin (pronounced AHN-jeh-vehn) dynasty. Parr and Anne of Cleves outlived Henry, who died in 1547. For example, the magnetic compass and other advances made it possible for navigators, who had previously been forced to rely on the Sun and the stars, to travel in bad weather and poor climates. This reform movement resulted in the revolution known as the Protestant Reformation, which eventually spread throughout Europe. In 1559 Elizabeth restored the Anglican Church, taking the title Supreme Governor of the Church. Louis's mother, Marie de Mdicis (15191589), acted as regent (interim ruler) in the early years of his reign. An important revolution in English architecture was begun by Inigo Jones (15731652). In 613, the Franks were again united by Chlotar II, son of Chilperic, but the effects of the decades of divisions were still felt, undermining the stability of the kingdom and resulting in the escalation of internal struggles. . In 1560 the Spanish attempted unsuccessfully to take Tripoli, a port city in northwest Lebanon, from the Turks. A skilled diplomat, Cavour secured an alliance with France. Francis corresponded with the Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus and sponsored a royal lecture series that supported promising scholars. On September 13 and 14, 1515, at Marignano (now Melegnano) near Milan, Francis won the greatest triumph in what was to be his long career as a military leader. With the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, Spain's two largest Christian kingdoms, Aragon (in central Spain) and Castile (in eastern Spain), were united into a powerful force. They rarely called meetings of the Cortes (Parliament, or central law-making body) and they appointed middle-class people to government offices. But Essex botched the job miserably. When William Cecil died in 1598, Elizabeth snubbed Essex and awarded her highest council post to Robert Cecil. Other notable leaders fled to safety in Germany. King John IV (16041656; ruled 164056), founder of the Bragana dynasty, then took the Portuguese throne. After the French invasion of Italy in 1494, Ferdinand was able to intervene in the affairs of Naples and Milan. Over the next thirty years the French armies continued to advance, winning major battles against the English. It is estimated that between 1348 and 1400 the population of France dropped from sixteen million to eleven million. Most reforms took place in Castile, the larger and stronger of the two kingdoms. Meanwhile, Charles V had formed an alliance with Pope Clement VII (14781534; reigned 152334). The successful siege ended a five-year Spanish offensive that conquered more than thirty rebel Dutch towns and maintained Spanish and Catholic control of the southern provinces of the Netherlands until 1714. The parliaments of Castile and Aragon were immediately called into session so Charles could request money to finance his trip to Aachen. The German Empire (officially Deutsches Reich) was the historical German nation state that existed from the unification of Germany in 1871 to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in November 1918, when Germany became a federal republic (the Weimar Republic).. During the reign of Francis I, French explorers became part of the age of European exploration, one of the great achievements not only of the Renaissance period but also in Western history. Their reign, which lasted until Isabella's death in 1504, marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance in Spain. kingdom definition: 1. a country ruled by a king or queen: 2. an area that is controlled by a particular person or. The stage was set for what was then, and is perhaps still, the greatest ocean voyage ever accomplished: the circumnavigation of the globe. Less than fifty years after Gama's discovery of the eastern route to Asia, trade between Europe and the ancient lands of the Orient was controlled by Portugal, a small kingdom that was more than a year's journey away from Asia. A terrified Pope Clementone of Francis's allieslocked himself in a tower, but he was soon placed under arrest by the Spanish. Philip the Fair quarreled with the popes (heads of the Roman Catholic Church) over control of the French clergy and other aspects of the monarch's sovereignty (independent rule). James also supported settlement in the New World. The Latin grammar written for Saint Paul's by William Lily was the first text of classical Latin (the language used by ancient Romans). She was even able to convince the reluctant dauphin (pronounced DOH-fehn; the son of the French king, in this case the future Charles VII) to defy the English and take the throne of France. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. The result was absolute chaos, as leaders of states vied for more power and larger territories. Rise of Kingdoms is a staggeringly huge mobile game. Some collections remained in cathedrals that had earlier been associated with monasteries, like Canterbury and Dudiam, while others were acquired by Oxford and Cambridge universities or by private collectors. Francia. The Reformation had begun thirteen years earlier, just before Charles became king of Spain. . Pole was an English aristocrat who had lived in Italy since Henry VIII's break with the papacy. Each house used the image of a rose to represent itselfa red rose for Lancaster and a white rose for York. then had a falling-out because Louis XII also claimed a right to rule in Italybecause his grandmother, Valentina Visconti, was a daughter of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, duke of Milan. MikeMeHigh. Those who did not confess their sins or undergo genuine conversion were severely punished or executed. Login. 6. Person as author : Doumas, Christos In : History of humanity: scientific and cultural development, v.II: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C., p. 146-151 Language : English Also available in : Also available in : Franais Year of publication : 1996 Yet there was a darker side to the gallant French king. Surrounded by young playmates, he learned the strategy and methods of Renaissance warfare and showed signs of unusual talent at the craft. (now in Belgium), a city in the Holy Roman Empire. One of the first to seek the Northwest Passage was John Cabot, an Italian navigator financed by King Henry VII of England. She was beheaded, along with her husband, Guildford Dudley, in 1554. Catherine de' Medici (1519-1589) was a Machiavellian politician, wife of Henry II of France, and later rege, A royal house whose members ruled many states of Europe, including France, Navarre, Naples, Sicily, and Spain, which still has a Bourbon member as it, John of Austria Having As the Renaissance moved north of Italy in the fifteenth century, northern and central Europe was even more fragmented. He was put on trial and sentenced to death. By the time of Henry VIII's death in 1547, most of the monastic land had been sold to noblemen and members of the gentry. At that time he was feudal lord of a greater part of France, including Normandy, Brittany, and Anjou in the northwest and Aquitaine in the southwest. The king also established completely new policies that would appeal to Spanish pride. execution of Louis XVI. The Italian Wars finally ended after a seventh war, which lasted from 1547 until 1559. You can play in a way that suits your style,whether that be reckless military adventurism and dreams of global dominance,or quiet and unobtrusive statecraft and dreams of a happy populace. 1300-1500: France: Frankish kingdom > France/Germany: rise of France: Hundred Years' War > French unification: Germany: Holy Roman Empire: England: Anglo-Saxon kingdoms: Anglo . Rise of Kingdoms is a mobile MMO real-time strategy game inspired by history. A: Greek . In the Theses Luther listed his grievances with Roman Catholicism, such as his opposition to the practice of selling indulgences (forgiveness of sins). Mary had widespread popular support, and she immediately began undoing the Reformation in two stages. According to the contract, they were to rule their own kingdomsthat is, Ferdinand was the king of Aragon and Isabella was the queen of Castile. Under feudalism, which was based on an agricultural economy, distinct social classes were dependent on one another through a complex system of pledging loyalty in exchange for goods and services. In the early 1500s they continued the crusade against the Moors into North Africa with a series of military expeditions. Essex had numerous clashes with two of the queen's most able ministers, William Cecil (15201598) and his son, Robert Cecil (15631612). Once within range of the Armada, the English ships were able to fire their weapons at the Spanish vessels from a relatively safe distance. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Medina-Sidonia was an army commander, so he protested that he was unqualified to lead a naval fleet. Nearly three months after the battle, Geoffrey Felton, secretary for Ireland, went walking on the coast of Sligo Bay. Spain made peace with England in 1604 and reached a truce with the United Provinces of the Netherlands in 1609. Cranmer was dismissed from office and placed under house arrest, while Reginald Pole (15001558) was brought back to England to take the archbishop's place. This is where the country of France is today and the name for France comes from the Franks. These lords were constantly fighting among themselves. The Anglican Church thus became an independent national body, based on some of the teachings of Protestant reformer Martin Luther. Ferdinand's most brilliant military and political successes were achieved in Italy during the Italian Wars, a series of conflicts in which Spain and France were fighting over control of Naples and Sicily (see discussion of the Italian Wars in "France" section previously in this chapter). They commissioned Christopher Columbus (14511506), a navigator from Genoa, Italy, to find a sea route to the Indies (Asia). Edward ruled England for twelve more years, until his unexpected death in 1483. The only way another country could reach the Indies would be by a western route. The English also formed an alliance with France and, to seal the treaty, Henry's sister Mary became the wife of King Louis XII of France. The court paid small pensions (financial allowances for retired people) to the former monks and nuns, and larger ones to the former abbots and priors (heads of monasteries) who had cooperated in the closing of their houses. 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