Examines details of Gorkha earthquake, including geo-seismicity, damage statistics, casualties, effect on cultural heritage, gender-risk mechanics, case studies of social institutions,. Earthquake Track. Nepal-Bihar 1934. 85 1-14. 6 Celebs Who Lost Their Lives Under the Knife. Everest. A. Dunn and three assistants were sent to the areas chiefly affected. Leveling in Bengal and Bihar, 9397. Sapkota, S.; Tapponnier, P.; Bollinger, L.; Klinger, Y.; Gaudemer, Y.; Tiwari, D. R.; Siwakoti, I.; Rizza, M.Surface Rupture of the Mw 8.1, 1934, Bihar Nepal Earthquake AGU abstract 2011. Location and magnitude of the 1833 Nepal earthquake and its relation to the rupture zones of contiguous great Himalayan earthquakes. The clock in the tower of the Secretariat stopped at 2.16 p.m. Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. Roads were tom and alignments were changed. L. Fermor. In the brief period thousands of buildings were reduced to debris, the surface of the land changed, fissures appeared, wells were sanded up, buildings that were survived developed huge cracks, water gushed details from wells, thousand and thousands of square miles of land were filled by enormous jagged fissures and pitted with small volcanic craters from which sand or grey mud spread over the field. 13,414 buildings were severely damaged and 11,604 buildings were completely destroyed. [8] The town of Birgunj was destroyed, along with its telephone line to Kathmandu. These hilly regions suffered from massive lanslides, ground fissures and formation of springs. This earthquake could have much the same effect as the one nearly 25 years ago, bringing a calcified political order crashing down. Duda S 1965 Secular seismic energy release in circum-Pacific belt; Tectonophys. However buildings built on Bedrock survived well than those built on unconsolidated sedimentary deposit available at most part of the valley. The activity is a result of the slow northward movement of the Indian Subcontinent, colliding with the great Asian landmass of China. and JavaScript. 4, pp. The Bihar Earthquake of 1934 C. D. Nature 136 , 485-486 ( 1935) Cite this article 579 Accesses Metrics Abstract SOON after the occurrence of this great earthquake on January 15, Dr. J. Chen, W. P., & Molnar, P. (1977). The great Indian Earthquake of January 15, 1934. 1. Baffin Bay Earthquake Canada November 20, 1933, The COVID Variant You Might STILL Get in Some States, 4 Viral Threats Worse Than the New Coronavirus, COVID Aftermath: 2 DEVASTATING Side Effects of the Vaccine, 10 Foods That Can Have a Devastating Effect on You, 10 Contagious Diseases Worse Than COVID-19, 6 Deadly Bioweapons the US Has Faced in the Past, 11 Devastatingly Easy Ways To Lose Weight, 8 Common Things Devastated By Coronavirus. In Balaju and Sankhamul area of Kathmandu, roads even subsided by 2-3 feet. The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. Dhunche As this earthquake occurred in the early afternoon, when most people were outdoors, only 12,000 people were killed. The influence of regional earthquakes on the time series can be seen, producing the sharp drops in probability. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The human casualty in Monghyr was very severe. [5] Extensive liquefaction of the ground took place over a length of 300km (called the slump belt) during the earthquake, in which many structures went afloat. Seismicity of the earth and associated phenomena. Nature Geoscience, 6, 7176. Glorious Sacrifices of Bihar during Quit India Movement 1942 : In Numbers. It was a little consolation to the suffering humanity to be told that the border of the Gangetic Alluvium and of the Himalayas is within the seismic region and that earthquakes cannot be taken to be abnormal along this belt. The damage to the sugar mills rendered most of them unworkable at a time when Bihar had a bumper sugarcane crop and the crushing had started was a problem. It resulted in a huge death toll and caused extensive destruction to buildings and infrastructure both in the central-eastern Nepal and the adjacent parts of India. (M 6.9) Pandey, M. R., & Molnar, P. (1988). Pandey M R and Molnar P 1988 The distribution of intensity of the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 15 January 1934 and bounds on the extent of the rupture zone; J. Geol. [15][16] He operated several relief camps providing the affected people with food and shelter.[17]. Introduction Time & date : 8:46 am 26 January 2001 Place : Bhuj, Gujarat Magnitude : 7.9 Intensity : X Epicenter : 23.419N 70.232E Focal length : 23 kms Season : Winter Damages : Over 18,600 persons are dead and over 167,000 injured. The earthquake damage observations indicate that the majority of the damaged buildings were stone/brick masonry structures with no seismic detailing, whereas the most of RC buildings were undamaged. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 5, 2244. 79 1237-1250. John Rundle is a Distinguished Professor of Physics Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Active faulting south of the himalayan front: Establishing a new plate boundary. Several factors combined to make Saturday's earthquake in Nepal such a devastating event. Earthq. Lett. Mem. Dunn, J. The 1999 earthquake helped bring Erdogan to power. [9][10], Mahatma Gandhi visited the Bihar state. Sometime between fifty-five and forty million years ago, the Indian Plate collided with Eurasia near what is now the Indus River Valley. Maharashtra earthquake, 1993. Seeber, L., & Armbruster, J. This is opposite to the direction calculated by Singh and Gupta (1980), and an eastward-propagating rupture appears improbable given the requirements that a 130 to 160 km-long rupture should include the relocated epicenter. Paleoseismological evidence of surface faulting along the northeastern himalayan front, India: Timing, size, and spatial extent of great earthquakes. Bilham R and Wallace K 2005 Future Mw > 8 earthquakes in the Himalaya: implications from the 26 Dec 2004 Mw = 9.0 earthquake on Indias eastern plate margin; Geol. A low-magnitude earthquake hit parts of Bihar on Monday night, though no damage was reported. Everest. Topographic map of india depicts the epicentral locations of three large earthquakes; 1803 Uttaranchal earthquake (Mw 7.5); 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (Mw 8.1) and 2001 Bhuj earthquake (Mw 7.7), marked as filled stars and the locations of the affected areas considered for the study (marked as rectangles).Most of the study areas are located on the river banks as well as on the alluvial . The areas of greatest damage stretched from Kathmandu to Munger in the North-South direction, and from Purnea to Champaran in the East-West direction. The Great Earthquake in Nepal (1934 A.D.). The High Court and the Government House were damaged severely. 70(3) 757-773. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepal's History. Most of the buildings in Muzzafarpur were damaged. Earthquake Intensity of I-X was assigned to parts of the valley and I-IX at rest of the valley. Floods If the earthquake happens in areas of dams, reservoirs, the damage is multiplied. India Geol. In Nepal, 8519 people lost their lives whereas in India 7188 people lost their lives. (Following is a reproduction of the account written by P.C Roy Choudhury). India Spec. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., Pierce, I. K., Karki, A., & Gautam, D. (2017a). (2004). Portland cement subjected to rigid tests replaced mud mortar. generally referred to as the Chamoli earthquake. The majority of deaths and injuries reported due to earthquake in Bihar have been not mainly due to the falling structure on people, but also due to panic, cardiac arrest and stampede. There is some dispute as to the epicenter of the event, with one report placing it about 10 km south of Mt. In few cases, buildings were subsided by 3-4 feet too. To the effects of shaking were added those of flood; the rivers rose high after the earthquake, bringing down sand, mud, trees, and all kinds of debris. The total casualties was about 10,000 people in the area and many thousands were injured by the falling debris. The mechanism was a shallow thrust its rupture location is not well constrained. In the screenshot above, we have used the hazard viewer to select a circular region of 300 km radius on the reported epicentral location near Mt. Great pending himalaya earthquakes. Evidence for a great medieval earthquake (~1100 A.D.) in the central himalayas. Seismicity in the Himalayas is the direct consequence of an ongoing process of faulting and thrusting. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. India, 73. Bilham R, Blume F, Bendick R and Gaur V K 1998 Geodetic constraints on the Translation and Deformation of India: implications for future great Himalayan earthquakes; Curr. Nature Bettinelli P, Avouac J-P, Flouzat M, Jouanne F, Bollinger L, Willis P and Chitrakar G R 2006 Plate motion of India and interseismic strain in the Nepal Himalaya from GPS and DORIS measurements; J. Geod. Chen W-P and Molnar P 1977 Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in Central Asia; Geophys. A brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured. The largest instrumentally recorded earthquake within a radius of 300 km happened on 15. Also, the length of rupture zone along east-west had been estimated as 200 100 Km. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, 119(9), 71237163. Bihar Earthquake, 1934. Large himalayan frontal thrust paleoearthquake at Khayarmara in Eastern Nepal. Molnar, P., & Deng, Q. 46 10.1016/S0065-2687(03)46001-9. The 1934 NepalBihar earthquake or 1934 BiharNepal earthquake was one of the worst earthquakes in the history of Nepal and Bihar, India. First-order spirit leveling lines in northern Bihar were remeasured shortly after the earthquake (Burrard 1934; De Graaf-Hunter 1934; Bomford 1937). Seismol. The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. Liquefaction studies using trench excavations at locations known to have suffered liquefaction in 1934 (Sukhija et al., 2002) . Gutenberg, B., & Richter, C. F. (1954). News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. Bilham, R., Gaur, V. K. and Molnar, P., Science, 2001, 293, First published on Sat 25 Apr 2015 16.53 EDT. 4. 1.Bihar Earthquake, 1934 This quake is considered to be one of the worst quakes in Indian history. On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the Great Earthquake of Bihar took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Mumbai, and from Assam to Punjab. Journal of Earth System Science. Abstract The Himalaya has experienced three great earthquakes during the last century1934 Nepal-Bihar, 1950 Upper Assam, and arguably the 1905 Kangra. Paleoseismic evidence of a giant medieval earthquake in the eastern himalaya. The Indian Department of Mines and Geology is collaborating with many scientists from all over the world to understand the causes and effects of these devastating earthquakes, and to help mitigate the ensuing destruction. The 7.9-magnitude earthquake that struck Nepal and neighbouring Indian states on Saturday, leaving a massive trail of death and devastation, jolted memories of the catastrophic 1934 tragedy, which had claimed several thousands of human lives on both sides of the Himalayas. 117, S2, 773-782. which caused irreparable damage to human structures. [11] Rabindranath Tagore took offence to the irrationality in his statement and accused Gandhi of superstition, even though he was totally in agreement with Gandhi on the issue of untouchability. Rana, B. S. (2013). In Nepal, Damage was mainly destructive in central Nepal, including Kathmandu valley & Eastern part of the country. In: P. J. Treloar, & M. P. Searle (Eds. Kirtipur city supposedly situated over the rock was the safest one with merely 5% of building collapse! Only four storeys were left) Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. Feldl N and Bilham R 2006 Great Himalayan Earthquakes and the Tibetan Plateau; Nature 444 165-170, doi:10.1038/nature05199. Sci. Chen W-P and Kao H 1996 Seismotectonics of Asia: Some recent progress; In: The Tectonic Evolution of Asia (eds) Yin A and Harrison T M, Cambridge University Press, 37-54. Fire Risks Gas pipelines and electric infrastructure are both harmed by earthquakes. Fig-2 (Map of Kathmandu Valley showing intensity of damage occured in 1934 Earthquake. The failures at Seward, Alaska, during the 1964 earthquake are an example. About two hundred million years ago an ocean separated India from the rest of Eurasia. Dunn J A, Auden J B, Ghosh A M H, Roy S C and Wadia D N 1939 The Bihar-Nepal Earthquake of 1934; Geol. Thus the inferred rupture geometry given the above numerous qualifications of uncertainty, are approximately as follows. Most of the Government buildings in Laheriasarai town had collapsed. ; epicenter of the earthquake was supposed to lie within the plains of Northern India : Bihar. Internet Explorer). Fortunately, the floods following after some time were not very severe in the districts affected by the Earthquake. efficacy test has been carried out by considering macroseismic intensity map of 1833 and 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (shown in Fig. The source characteristics of Gorkha earthquake show that the maximum slip of 5 to 6 m was concentrated at a depth of 8 to 15 km, 70 km southeast of the epicenter [ [8] , [9 . Overall, lesser casualties were there due to majority of temporary type construction of bamboos in Terai Belt. [1] Wikipedia entry on the Bihar Earthquake: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Bihar_earthquake. Tect. The town of Madhepura had subsided and buildings had cracked. Reinforced concrete and reinforced brick work replaced the use of mud, mortar and lime. Kathmandu valley was severely damaged in that earthquake. Sun 26 Apr 2015 04.56 EDT. (2013). the worst was the 1934 earthquake in which more than 10,000 people lost their lives, followed . Ambraseys N and Douglas J 2004 Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes; Geophys. 15 Feb, 2021, 11.19 PM IST. The three major towns of the Kathmandu Valley in NepalKathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patanwere severely affected and almost all the buildings collapsed. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 18, 1924. ), Survey of India geodetic report, 1936. quake (1905), Bihar-Nepal earthquake (1934), and the Assam earthquake (1950) as well as several moderate earthquakes, e.g. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003309. Though many of their lower marks have survived, no systematic remeasurement was possible after the earthquake, and none has been attempted subsequently. Most of the roads were fissured with fissured depth even upto 13-15 feet and for considerable length. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 124, 91829207. [9], The number of deaths was 10,70012,000[4][2] with 7,253 recorded in Bihar. Loss estimates were conducted for the road, water, electricity, and telephone systems and for typical structures. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute (tokyo Imperial University), 13(2), 426. Kathmandu Valley that includes Kathmandu, Lalitpur, & Bhaktapur (Bhadgaon then) districts was severely damaged. News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. Seismological Research Letters, XX, 19. The epicentre for this Steven Ward is a Research Geophysicist at For half a century following the shock, the epicenter was believed located beneath the Ganga plain in the Bihar province of India, corresponding to early instrumental locations of the epicenter by Gutenburg & Richter (1954). 6 85-98. Geophysical Research Letters. India As of 27 April 2015 at 4:14 p.m., Indian Home Minister Rajnath Singh,confirmed that56 people died in the state of Bihar,12 in Uttar Pradesh,3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan. In 2016, floods affected over 2.2 million people along the Ganga, including in Bihar's capital Patna, despite 14% less than average rainfall in the state. 4. [7] The 1618-meter-long Kosi Rail Bridge on the Metre Gauge Railway line connecting Darbhanga Raj with Forbesganj was washed away and the River Kosi changed it path eastward. 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The East-West direction a brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the Tibetan Plateau ; Nature 444,! Safest one with merely 5 % of building collapse epicenter of the valley and I-IX at rest Eurasia..., lesser casualties were there due to majority of temporary type construction of bamboos in Terai belt, Gandhi... After the earthquake ( shown in Fig of contiguous great himalayan earthquakes and Tibetan. 2 ), 13 ( 2 ), 13 ( 2 ), 71237163 the. Were injured by the earthquake, 1934 this quake is considered to be in! An example which caused irreparable damage to human structures the riverfront in Patna Bhagalpur. Seismic energy release in circum-Pacific belt ; Tectonophys Kathmandu to Munger in early. Nature 444 165-170, doi:10.1038/nature05199 17 ], B., & Richter, C. F. ( 1954 ) series be... The Indus River valley of Bihar during Quit India movement 1942: in Numbers could...