But he could not recognize the kings authority as head of the new church of England. Margaret de la Pole married Sir Robert de Neville, Sheriff of Yorkshire, Constable of Pontefract Castle, son of Sir Robert de Neville and Joan de Atherton, before September 1344. Margaret was superfluous; curtly, Henry wrote her off as a fool. London, WC1A 2HNletters@lrb.co.uk Utopia is a complex and witty work which describes a city-state ruled entirely by reason. In Utopia, he identified himself as a citizen of London, and it was in London that he was born on 7 February 1477, the only surviving son of John More and his first wife, Agnes Graunger. Margaret if it is she wears coral and ermine. Both men were enthusiastic Humanist scholars, but they parted ways with regard to the kings prerogative. Margaret would have had a claim to the Earldom of Warwick, but the earldom was forfeited on the attainder of her brother Edward.[4]. Henry VII paid for Richard's funeral. Lewis, Jone Johnson. But and of course this clause was added simply to trap More the Act also required a repudiation of any foreign authority, prince or potentate. More could recognize Anne as the crowned queen of England. At Bisham, where her forebears had founded a monastery, the remains of her executed brother lay with those of her grandfather the Kingmaker, slaughtered at the Battle of Barnet. [12] In May 1536, Reginald finally and definitively broke with the king. As part of his 'Random Histo. Margaret Pole had connections to all manner of visitor attractions, including Farleigh Hungerford Castle, Somerset, where she was born,and the Tower of London. Unfortunately for More, Henry appointed him Lord Chancellor of England. (2020, August 26). She had a small estate of land, inherited from her husband, but no other income and no prospects. Mores adolescent years were spent under the reign of Henry VII, the first Tudor king. Inventories paint the picture: tableware of silver and gold, Venetian glass, mother-of-pearl, tapestries portraying the journeys of Ulysses and the discovery of Newfoundland; the countess herself, tall, stately, wears ermine, tawny damask, black satin and black velvet. After Henry's second wife, Anne Boleyn, was arrested, and eventually executed, Margaret was permitted to return to Court, albeit briefly. Her father was the younger brother of Edward IV and Richard III. Nor make one step, as you shall see; The alleged plot between the earl and Warbeck was flimsy and perhaps government-sponsored, but both men were tried and executed. And the king did not force the issue. On the scaffold, Margaret prayed for the royal family all except Anne Boleyns daughter, Elizabeth, whom she regarded as illegitimate. The Duke of Clarence plotted against Edward IV and in February 1478 was attainted and executed for treason. It was Gertrude Courtenay, Marchioness of Exeter, who claimed to be brittle and fragile; one of the most persistent of the aristocratic plotters against Henry, she was in trouble in 1533 for her contacts with Elizabeth Barton, the Nun of Kent, whose florid line in prophecy was discomfiting to the regime. We do know that he tried in vain to support the kings position. The Execution of a Duke. In The Kings Curse (2014) she was ground up by the great fictionalising machine that is Philippa Gregory, and in 2003 she was the subject of a major biography by Hazel Pierce: Margaret Pole: Loyalty, Lineage and Leadership. But in late June she was back at court by the side of Queen Jane, and the king was looking forward to an era of peace and fertility. And so he was imprisoned in the Tower of London on 17 April 1534. Reginalds brother Geoffrey was in correspondence with Reginald, and Henry had Geoffrey Pole, Margarets heir, arrested in 1538 along with their brother Henry Pole and others. Two days later, a four-count indictment charging More with treason was presented to the commission. Stoke was a decisive victory. The axe hit her shoulder instead of her neck, and she escaped the guards and ran around screaming as the executioner chased her with the axe. Lewis, Jone Johnson. Was she, at this point or that, doing nothing of interest at all or was she doing everything, in a way that was almost supernaturally discreet? Margaret was not executed with her eldest son, but was held in the Tower for the last years of her life the king paying her bills, outfitting her as became a great lady in furred petticoats and a satin nightgown. Ultimately, they would both become martyrs of their faith (though this show is not likely . Margaret remained in the Tower of London for more than two years. Edward IV died in 1483 when Margaret was ten. Mr Buxton has returned to live quietly in Cranford following . And he was well-connected enough to later secure his sons appointment as household page to John Morton, the archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor of England. In 1509, when Henry VIII came to the throne after his fathers death, he married his brothers widow, Catherine of Aragon. Margaret is a devout Catholic and a member of the House of York, which fought Henry's father during the War of the Roses; she is first cousin of Henry's mother Queen Elizabeth of York through her father George Plantagenet, Elizabeth's uncle and the brother of Edward IV. He was even more aware than the king of Mores popular appeal; and this was to Mores detriment for it meant that his refusal to publicly support the king was not something that could be forgiven or forgotten. ODNB, "Reginald Pole"; "Geoffrey Pole". In 1540, Cromwell fell from favour and was attainted and executed. When her husband died in 1505, Margaret became a widow with five children. Henry needed a son and heir. And he was a father who insisted his three daughters have the same education as his son. She was pregnant at the time of her bereavement, and soon she would join the entourage of the Spanish bride. She managed her lands quite well, and became one of the five or six wealthiest peers in England. The Imperial Ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, suggested two years later that Mary be handed over to Margaret, but Henry refused, calling her "a fool, of no experience". Margarets youngest son, Geoffrey, probably under threat of torture, denounced not only his own family but the Courtenay clan and other prominent members of the old families. This More was fully prepared to do. After his death, and for centuries thereafter, Sir Thomas More was known as the most famous victim of Henry VIII's tyranny. He married Anne Cheney, daughter of Nicholas Cheney. Perhaps his earlier justification for the annulment had been a matter of self-interest, a selective interpretation of opaque text. Margarets whole family had been elevated with her on the wheel of fortune. More later memorialized her as uxorcula Thomae Mori; her gentle personality is attested to by Erasmuss letters, as he was a frequent visitor to Mores home. In January 1539 Geoffrey was pardoned, but Margaret's son, Henry, Baron Montagu (and cousin Exeter), were later executed for treason after trial. Margaret Pole, N B tc ca Salisbury (ting Anh: Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury; 14 thng 8 nm 1473 - 27 thng 5 nm 1541), l mt nh i qu tc Anh quc.B l con gi ca George Plantagenet, Cng tc x Clarence, em trai ca Quc vng Edward IV v anh trai ca Richard III.Margaret l mt trong s t nhng ngi ph . Its influence upon William Shakespeares Richard III is immense. And More was more convinced than ever that he needed to leave royal service. Besides Ursula, four of Margarets children lived to adulthood. She was attended by servants and received an extensive grant of clothing in March 1541. Margaret Poles death, notoriously, was not a clean end. Buckingham was alleged to have said that the lack of sons to carry on the Tudor line was Gods punishment for the imprisonment and death of the young Earl of Warwick. More importantly, he developed a personal relationship with Henry VIII, and because known as the kings intellectual courtier. Margaret was a great heiress, grand-daughter of the Earl of Warwick who was known as the Kingmaker. Ursula Pole, married Henry Stafford, whose title and lands were lost when his father was executed for treason and attainted, restored to a Stafford title under Edward VI. She was an apt enough pupil to later converse with visitors in Latin. Gender: Male. Family solidarity, the code of survival, did not mean much to Reginald, brought up under an alien roof; if he were to lose his earthly family, he said, he would still have the fellowship of the saints in paradise. And while this reasoning worked to replenish the royal treasury for Henry VII, it also provided the second Tudor king with a chance to curry popular favor when he in one of his first acts as Henry VIII imprisoned and later executed Edmund Dudley and Richard Empson, who were Mortons (and his fathers) tax collectors. Her early years are obscure. But the kings horoscope was looking nasty and, according to a Spanish commentator, he aged twenty years in two weeks. Robert Bolt, A Man for All Seasons: A Play in Two Acts. The king financed Richards funeral. He needed to convince the Spanish he was secure in his kingdom. One does not have to share his religious convictions to appreciate his inner strength and noble character. He impressed the cardinal enough that he was knighted upon his return and made under-treasurer of the Exchequer. See me safe up, he told the lieutenant who escorted him, and for my coming down let me shift for myself.. On 14 November 1538, Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, was arrested. [4] After her husband's death, Margaret had such inadequate means to support herself and her children that she was forced to live at Syon Abbey as the guest of the Bridgettine nuns. He had several other livings, although he had not been ordained a priest. Pope Paul III put him in charge of organising assistance for the Pilgrimage of Grace (and related movements). More was not a man to be broken by prison, but he suffered physically. Her maternal grandfather was killed fighting against her uncle, Edward IV, at the Battle of Barnet. When Henry began to poll the European universities about the legality of his annulment, he chose Reginald to visit the Sorbonne, and had no fault to find with the way he carried out his mission. Please include name, address, and a telephone number. Margarets uncle Richard of Gloucester became king in 1483 as Richard III, and reinforced young Margaret and Edwards exclusion from the line of succession. She spent much of her time at Warblington, where she was nicely placed, in the event of an invasion, to help the rebels against Henry; or so you thought, if you were one of Henrys councillors. Joan (Margaret) Pole ca 1333-Married toThomas Chaworth ca 1331-1373 Paternal grand-parents, uncles and aunts. The picture was cleaned in 1973, and study suggested that some original features have almost vanished. But not your principles. Pole and his hagiographers gave several later accounts of Pole's activities after Henry met Anne Boleyn. There was a feeling in England that a new era had begun. Her daughter Ursula married the Duke of Buckingham's son, Henry Stafford, but after the Duke's fall, the couple were given only fragments of his estates. Thomas More: A very brief history June 29, 2017; Henry VIII's Westminster Tournament 1511 June 5, 2017; . ), St. Marie's Church in New Bilton, Rugby, England. Her many fortified houses and castles, the number of tenants she could turn out, the belligerent propaganda from abroad all these brought the whole family into deep suspicion. Reginald studied in Italy in 1521 through 1526, financed in part by Henry VIII, then returned and was offered by Henry the choice of several high offices in the church if he would support Henrys divorce from Catherine. Henry and others were executed, though Geoffrey was not. Afterwards, More's head was displayed on a pike at London Bridge for a month. She was head of her family, a magnate with vast resources in men and money; any disaffection on her part was dangerous. Bishop of Rochester, and Sir Thomas More, once Chancellor of England and a close royal friend, had both . As widows, or as deputies to living husbands, they handled complex legal and financial affairs with aplomb, while assenting outwardly at least to their status as irrational and inferior beings. The resulting trial was mere show; despite his impassioned and brilliant defense, no one ever expected More to be found anything other than guilty. She managed her lands quite well, and became one of the five or six wealthiest peers in England. After the first round of questioning she was held in custody at Cowdray, Fitzwilliams house. It was More's execution - far more than those of Anne Boleyn or Thomas Cromwell or Margaret Pole - which established the king's reputation for capricious cruelty. But for the rest of his reign Henry VII would be plagued by pretenders, persistently rising from the dead. He had been shut up for most of his life and, one later chronicler said, could not discern a goose from a capon. The following poem was found carved on the wall of her cell: For traitors on the block should die; Margaret's only surviving sibling was Edward, Earl of Warwick. Contemporary chroniclers often referred to him as a friend of the poor. As his disgrace deepened, Margaret withdrew from court. When not at Court, Margaret lived chiefly at Warblington Castle in Hampshire and Bisham Manor in Berkshire. In: Ghosts and Hauntings. She is a close student of the sources, and careful not to stuff her novels with false excitements. Lady Fitzwilliam would not stay in the house alone with the countess, and the Lord Admiral soon requested Cromwell to take his guest away, sending his complaints with a few Shelsea cockles for the ministers table: I beg you to rid me of her company, for she is both chargeable and troubles my mind. When Margaret was attainted in May 1539, Cromwell displayed a mute witness against her, a coat-armour found among her effects, painted with the royal arms and the emblems of the family, pansies for Pole, and marigolds for my Lady Mary, as one witness explained: Pole intended to have married my lady Mary, and betwixt them both should again arise the old doctrine of Christ.. Here is an excerpt from Chapter 7, "Unheard-Of Cruelty", describing the trial and execution of Sir Thomas More. Margaret Pole was one of only two women in the 16 th century to hold a peerage in her own right. Tragedy throws her into poverty and rebellion against the new royal family, luck restores her to her place at court where she becomes the chief lady-in-waiting to Queen Katherine and watches the dominance of the Spanish queen over her husband, and her fall. He later characterized this as abandonment by his mother, and bitterly resented it for much of his life, although he became an important figure in the church. Henry VII had controlled them first while her brother was a minor and then during his imprisonment; he later confiscated them after his trial. In the end, he decided, in the words of his friend Erasmus, to be a chaste husband rather than an impure priest.. That was clear to Cromwell almost from the first, and perhaps to More, too. Read More. If Margaret played any part in the downfall of Henrys second queen, her role was so far behind the scenes that it has left no trace. Margaret Pole was the daughter of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, brother to Edward IV, and a leading figure in the Wars of the Roses. But to Mores credit, he made an impassioned plea for greater freedom of speech in parliament. His lands and titles were thereby forfeited. by Susan Higginbotham. Unfortunately, Cardinal Wolsey was unable to secure an annulment for the king. His father was not supportive, but More was fully prepared to be disowned rather than disobey Gods will. Through her website she keeps lively links with readers and writers. It gave the king pause, and More was allowed to return home. London Review of Books, Sir Thomas Pole was a member of the aristocracy in England. On his accession he granted her an annuity of 100 a year and on 14 Oct 1513 he created her Countess of Salisbury and gave her the family lands of the earldom of Salisbury. geralmente . Margaret would have been too young to remember her mother, and it is likely that she was brought up within her fathers princely household, then after his execution lived with her cousins, the many daughters of Edward IV. In 1499, Margarets brother Edward apparently tried to escape from the Tower of London to take part in the plot of Perkin Warbeck who claimed to be their cousin, Richard, one of the sons of Edward IV who had been taken to the Tower of London under Richard III and whose fate was not clear. A possible portrait of Margaret Pole (c. 1535). When Reginald was seven, and Margaret a widow with an uncertain future, she sent him to be educated at Sheen with the monks of the Charterhouse. But no one could be sure they were dead, and not escaped abroad, or living under assumed names. It was More who coined the term, a pun on the Greek words for no place and good place. She was executed in 1541, the act of attainder rendering a trial unnecessary. [2] His heir was his son Thomas. Their destruction came with a wave of arrests in the autumn of 1538. Even special physicians summoned from Spain could not help the queen to conceive again. Chapuys wrote that, "at first, when the sentence of death was made known to her, she found the thing very strange, not knowing of what crime she was accused, nor how she had been sentenced". Later in life, he bitterly resented her abandonment of him. Margaret is the main character of Samantha Wilcoxson's 2016 novel, Dwyer, J.G. As a young king, he was named Defender of the Faith by the pope for defending the church against Protestant heresy; his Lord Chancellor was Cardinal Thomas Wolsey. First I went on the Internet to find some ways of measuring wind speed. [6] . His eldest daughter Margaret married the lawyer William Roper in 1521, and More continued his practice of prayer and supervision of learning at his home. Some stories even claim this was at his own request, having been permitted to choose the manner of his execution. After several months, he was visited by Cromwell, but More refused to engage him in debate and merely declared himself a faithful subject of the king. Biography. Henry Tudor had the real Warwick in custody, and was able to produce him, so the rebellion came to nothing. To help with her financial situation, she gave one of her sons, Reginald, to the church. Margaret was now fully under the king's will, with no title or lands to her name, she was to be styled simply as Margaret Pole. The symbolism and importance of this decision cannot be underestimated. Margaret Pole was George Duke of Clarence daughter. In fact she was 67. By 1520, as an indication of the trust placed in her, she had been appointed lady governor to the Princess Mary, born in 1516 and the only child of the royal marriage to survive for more than a few weeks. Seldom distracted from voicing their headline concerns, her people give each other a lot of information, in unmodulated voices, each time they speak. Margaret, warned of the threat he represented to her own interests and life, said: I trow he is not so unhappy that he will hurt his mother, and yet I care neither for him, nor for any other, for I am true to my Prince., At this point she was questioned rigorously by Henrys councillor William Fitzwilliam. I don't think Henry had quite the chummy relationship with Sir Thomas More that was depicted in "The Tudors" or even in "A Man for All Seasons." The story goes that when More was executed, Henry rose scowling from a game of cards with Anne Boleyn and barked at her "You are the cause of his death!" Nothing worked. He is an English lawyer, eventually promoted to Chancellor and assistant to the King after Wolsey 's death. That was the beginning of Thomas Mores public career, and it was a telling one. But if the great Sir Thomas More believed the king to be wrong? Marys food, Henry ordered, was to be served with joyous and merry communication. She would have been a widow when the portrait was painted, but she holds a sprig of honeysuckle, symbol of love and marriage. Ten years on, her situation was more difficult to negotiate. Did she, as the regime alleged, burn the evidence that incriminated her? She was a decade and a half younger than he was, and he never seems to have felt anything more than a brotherly affection for her. The 8-episode season follows Catherine of Aragon (Charlotte Hope) and King Henry VIII's (Ruari O'Connor) tumultuous marriage. Quite the opposite. [26] She and her husband were parents to five children: Her son, Reginald Pole, said that he would "never fear to call himself the son of a martyr". He wore many hats: chief diplomat, speechwriter, advisor. at, Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March (conflation of, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 21:21. Richard Pole was appointed to the household of Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII and Prince of Wales, heir apparent. Margaret was 14, and probably remained at court rather than living with her husband. Cardinal Wolsey and the king needed no further reason to bring More into the kings service. He was no fool; he noted Wolseys great and increasingly ostentatious wealth. Anne was the anointed queen. Reginald replied to books Henry sent him with his own pamphlet, pro ecclesiasticae unitatis defensione, or de unitate, which denied Henry's position on the marriage of a brother's wife and denied royal supremacy. Her brothers royal blood, however, remained a danger. A third account in Burke's Peerage, possibly apocryphal, described the appalling circumstances of the execution. No one would stage a rebellion in her favour while there were male Yorkists to mount a challenge. He died young (about 1526) having married the heir of Roger Lewknor. They were charged with treason. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. When Richard Pole died in 1504 Margaret had had to borrow money to give him a suitable funeral. Gaily agreeing that the chief female virtues are meekness and self-effacement, they managed estates, signed off accounts, bought wardships and brokered marriage settlements, all the while keeping up a steady output of needlework. In 1541, Margaret was executed, protesting that she had not taken part in any conspiracy and proclaiming her innocence. I have a feeling that Edward and Thomas had an even closer relationship when their brother Henry was around. The new king married Margaret's cousin, Elizabeth of York, Edward IV's daughter, and Margaret and her brother were taken into their care. She is the daughter of a duke and the niece of two kings, Edward IV and Richard III. In some cases, they conspired against the crown while claiming, if it went badly, that their weak female brains had been addled by male influence, and that fragility and brittleness allowed their trust to be easily abused. Based in North Carolina, Higginbotham is a lawyer by background and has written several historical novels, spanning different eras. EXECUTED: 27 MAY 1541. It was his great popularity that saved him. Such was his reputation that the the great universities Oxford and Cambridge made him high steward. Warwick Biography of Anne Neville, Wife and Queen of Richard III of England, Biography of Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England, Biography of Margaret of Anjou, Henry VI's Queen, Famous Mothers in History: Ancient Through Modern, M.Div., Meadville/Lombard Theological School, Father: George, Duke of Clarence, brother of king Edward IV and of Richard, Duke of Gloucester (later Richard III), Note: Cecily Neville, Margarets paternal grandmother, was a paternal aunt of Margarets maternal grandfather, Richard Neville. After bearing More three daughters (Margaret, Elizabeth, Cicely) and one son (John), Jane died in 1511. He was Dean of Exeter and Wimborne Minster, Dorset, as well as a canon of York. Thomas came from wealthy families, from trade (his father was a wealthy baker) and the law. As a boy, More spent some time in the household of John Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury. When Catherine of Aragon gave birth to a daughter, Mary, Margaret Pole was asked to be one of the godmothers. She certainly didn't bow to any pressure later in her life to give up her son. A Professional theme for architects, construction and interior designers [18][19][20][21][22] Margaret was buried in the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula within the Tower of London. Annes personal religious feeling was unimportant. Thick as thieves, More and the king continued to establish a close relationship, with More rising up in the ranks. After she had redeemed her dead brothers lands from the crown, she owned property in Calais, and estates in Wales and 17 English counties. Margaret Plantagenet, Countess of Salisbury (14 August 1473 - 28 May 1541), also called Margaret Pole, as a result of her marriage to Sir Richard Pole, was the only surviving daughter of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, a brother of Kings Edward IV and Richard III (all sons of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York ), by his wife Isabel . He was keenly interested in theology, but he was not ordained; he was free to marry if he wished, and propagate a Plantagenet family. She was a devout and learned young woman, and though we primarily know her as the older wife who could not bear Henry his desired son and heir, she was once young and pretty and well-liked. His choice was Jane Colt, the eldest daughter of a gentleman farmer. His decision to become a lay Christian now made, More quickly married. It did not matter. The eldest daughter of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, Margaret was the sister of Henry VIII. She served later as a governess to Mary. The prestige of her ancient family, her traditionalist stance in religion, and her status as a peer in her own right all these defined a woman who might wish to resist the new order. Elizabeth Darrell, later Thomas Wyatts mistress, refused the oath; Lady Hussey, wife of one of Marys household, was imprisoned because she would not accept Marys exclusion from the succession and insisted on addressing her as a princess. Most aristocratic women outlived their husbands, and once a woman was widowed she was able to assert her independence and have a say in her family affairs, while cultivating the trope of the defenceless widow in any dealings with the authorities. Henry married Margarets cousin, Elizabeth of York, and imprisoned Margarets brother as a potential threat to his kingship. At their trial, a Cromwellian observer said, the noblemen stood at the bar with castyng up of eies and hands, as though those thyngs had ben never herd of before, that thenne were laid to theyr charge. It was Mores execution far more than those of Anne Boleyn or Thomas Cromwell or Margaret Pole which established the kings reputation for capricious cruelty. The new pretender, Ralph Wilford, was arrested and killed before the conspiracy bred any action. She was now one of the richest people in England. It was a small mercy. (We should note, however, that More brilliant and perceptive was never especially comfortable in his kings good graces. Higginbotham is more comfortable with biography, but this has not deterred her publisher from dressing up her new book like a historical novel of the type she doesnt much like, with a moody wash of colour and a woman with trailing skirts and half a head. Henry still hoped for Mores support. In 1512, Parliament, with Henrys assent, restored to her some of the lands that had been held by Henry VII for her brother while he was imprisoned, and then had been confiscated when he was executed. Fitzwilliam despaired of getting anything out of her but denials, and paid her a twisted compliment in the way Tudor men did: We may call her rather a strong and constant man than a woman she has shown herself so earnest, vehement and precise that more could not be. When he told her that her goods had been seized, she must have known it was the beginning of the end, and seemeth thereat to be somew[hat] appalled, but neither then nor at any later point did she profess anything but loyalty to Henry and regret at her familys folly. A great heiress, grand-daughter of the sources, and careful not to stuff novels. Afterwards, More spent some time in the Tower of London on 17 April 1534 father was the sister Henry. Warwick in custody, and careful not to stuff her novels with false.... Castle in Hampshire and Bisham Manor in Berkshire More was allowed to return home five or six peers... More into the kings horoscope was looking nasty and, according to Spanish. 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